RRB GROUP D NOTES

                          MODERN INDIA 
                        DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
                                   
The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy followed widely by Lord Dalhousie when he was India’s Governor-General from 1848 to 1856.

Features of Doctrine of Lapse

1. According to this, any princely state under the direct or indirect (as a vassal) control of the East India Company where the ruler did not have a legal male heir would be annexed by the company.
2. This was not introduced by Lord Dalhousie even though it was he who documented it, and used it widely to acquire territories for the British.
3. As per this, any adopted son of the Indian ruler could not be proclaimed as heir to the kingdom. The adopted son would only inherit his foster father’s personal property and estates.
4. The adopted son would also not be entitled to any pension that his father had been receiving or to any of his father’s titles.
5. This challenged the Indian ruler’s long-held authority to appoint an heir of their choice.

States annexed by the Doctrine of Lapse

1. In 1824, before the time of Dalhousie, the princely state of Kittur was acquired by the East India Company by this doctrine.
2. Other states were also annexed in 1830’s and 1840’s through this doctrine.
3. After Dalhousie became the Governor-General, in 1848, Satara was acquired as per this doctrine.
4. Other major states annexed by the British as per the Doctrine of Lapse:

• Jaipur – 1849
• Sambhalpur – 1849
• Udaipur – 1852
• Jhansi – 1853
• Nagpur – 1854
• 5.It was as per this policy that Nana Sahib, the adopted son of the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II was denied his titles and pension.

Effects of Doctrine of Lapse

1. Many Indian states lost their sovereignty and became British territories.
2. This led to a lot of unrest among the Indian princes.
3. A lot of people were unhappy with the ‘illegal’ nature of this doctrine and this was one of the causes of the Indian Revolt of 1857.
4. Nana Sahib and the Rani of Jhansi had grievances against the British because the former’s pension was stopped by the British after his foster father died, and the Rani’s adopted son was denied the throne under the doctrine of lapse.
5. Dalhousie returned to Britain in 1856. After the Indian Revolt broke out in 1857, his governance was widely criticised as one of the causes of the rebellion.

    

Filler slab roofs??

An alternative roofing technology!!!


Filler slab technology is a simple and a very innovative technology for a slab construction.


Filler slab technology is a simple and a very innovative technology for a slab construction.

The reason why, concrete and steel are used together to construct RCC slab, is in their individual properties as separate building materials and their individual limitation. Concrete is good in taking compression and steel is good in tension. Thus RCC slab is a product which resists both compression as well as tensile.

Fig 1: Simply supported slab cross section


Knowing this much if we want to move further to understand the “Filler slab” technology, we will have to further study the cross section of a typical simply supported RCC Slab. Under its own load and applied load, the slab will try to bend as shown in the Figure 1.

Fig 2: showing unwanted tension concrete

If we refer Figure 2, which indicates the neutral axis and also tension concrete in the bottom fibers of the slab which is in tension but the top fibers will be in compression.  Knowing this much is the key to understand the filler slab technology. Tension in a slab is on the bottom fiber and compression on the top fiber. That means if we want to optimise the structure we can remove concrete from the tension zone where it is not much needed. That’s the key behind filler slab construction.

This is a very cost effective roofing technology. Knowing the way slab is constructed on site (w.r.t. Gujarat, India), it is not easy to remove, the concrete from the tension zone, hence we try and replace (partially); that part of concrete using light weight and low cost filler material. This method of construction is called filler slab.

Filler slab technology is being used across India, but substantial amount of work on the successful promotion and transfer of this technology was done by Ar. Laurie Baker in South India. It is one place where filler slab has crossed the boundary of research and controlled implementation to being one of the regular options of construction by both government and private sector and also architects and designers have been promoting this technology.

These filler materials are so placed as not to compromise the structural strength, stability and durability, resulting in replacing unwanted and non-functional tension concrete, from below and thus resulting in economy of high energy material consumption and respective cost savings and decreased dead load of the slab.

An internal cavity can be provided between the filler material which adds an extra advantage; other than cost savings and energy savings; improved thermal comfort for the interiors. Also an added advantage of lower dead weight transferred to the supporting elements and finally onto the foundation to further adds up cost saving in design of these elements.

These filler materials are so placed as not to compromise the structural strength, stability and durability, resulting in replacing unwanted and non-functional tension concrete, from below and thus resulting in economy of high energy material’s,  consumption and considerable cost saving and decreased dead load of the slab.

http://civiluptodate.blogspot.com/2017/06/filler-slab-roofs.html

FUTURE OF CONSTRUCTION??

INTRODUCTION ....

The first 3D printer was invented in 1984 and over the last decades, 3D printing has become one of the fastest growing technologies. At the beginning it was very complicated and what is more, expensive technology. Over the years, 3D printing started to be present in everyday life and printers became commonly used in all kinds of industry fields. A lot of achievements have been made in medicine, automotive or aerospace industry. Thanks to the open 
source systems, prototyping of new product, and innovative applications of 3D printing in various fields are available for everyone. 
Improvement of the printing material and 3D technology became to be the goal for many companies all over the 
world from all industry sectors. In 2014, real revolution in construction industry has started, as the first house was 
printed starting a new chapter in building technology.

What is Self Healing Concrete

Self Healing Concrete

Cracks in concrete are a common phenomenon due to the relatively low tensile strength. Durability of concrete is impaired by these cracks since they provide an easy path for the transportation of liquids and gasses that potentially contain harmful substances. If micro-cracks grow and reach the reinforcement, not only the concrete itself may be attacked, but also the reinforcement will be corroded. Therefore, it is important to control the crack width and to heal the cracks as soon as possible. Since the costs involved for maintenance and repair of concrete structures are usually high, this research focuses on the development of self-healing concrete. Self-healing of cracks in concrete would contribute to a longer service life of concrete structures and would make the material not only more durable but also more sustainable.